SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    72204, 70361, 73117, 73112, 71487, 72922, 
    72854, 72853, 72851, 71741, 71202, 
    71175, 71174, 71432, 71152, 71742, 
    71123, 71178, 42032, 71586, 71585, 
    71318, 71549, 71433, 70126, 71459, 
    71014, 70360, 71345, 71344, 71285, 
    71177, 71319, 71290, 71107, 71022, 
    71284, 71277, 71228, 71227
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00080

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
42032 6M 0
70126 6M 0
70360 6M 0
70361 6M 0
71014 6M 0
71022 6M 0
71107 6M 0
71123 6M 0
71152 6M 0
71174 6M 0
71175 6M 0
71177 6M 0
71178 6M 0
71202 6M 0
71227 6M 0
71228 6M 0
71277 6M 0
71284 6M 0
71285 6M 0
71290 6M 0
71318 6M 0
71319 6M 0
71344 6M 0
71345 6M 0
71432 6M 0
71433 6M 0
71459 6M 0
71487 6M 0
71549 6M 0
71585 6M 0
71586 6M 0
71741 6M 0
71742 6M 0
72204 6M 0
72851 6M 0
72853 6M 0
72854 6M 0
72922 6M 0
73112 6M 0
73117 6M 0