SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    100564, 100494, 100493, 100477, 100251, 
    100248, 100180, 99431, 99373, 93465, 
    100470, 100446, 100405, 100404, 100403, 
    100393, 100392, 100391, 100300, 100247
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00052

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 20 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
93465 6M 0
99373 6M 0
99431 6M 0
100180 6M 0
100247 6M 0
100248 6M 0
100251 6M 0
100300 6M 0
100391 6M 0
100392 6M 0
100393 6M 0
100403 6M 0
100404 6M 0
100405 6M 0
100446 6M 0
100470 6M 0
100477 6M 0
100493 6M 0
100494 6M 0
100564 6M 0