SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 29 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5362, 5352, 5694, 5693, 5692, 5691, 5686, 
    5676, 5634, 5940, 26680, 6076, 6072, 
    6067, 6413, 6421, 6517, 6474, 6380, 
    6790
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00053

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 29 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
5352 29,4M 0
5362 29M 0
5634 29,4M 0
5676 29,4M 0
5686 29M 0
5691 29M 0
5692 29,4M 0
5693 29,4M 0
5694 29M 0
5940 29,4M 0
6067 29M 0
6072 29M 0
6076 29,4M 0
6380 29M 0
6413 29M 0
6421 29,4M 0
6474 29M 0
6517 29M 0
6790 29M 0
26680 29,4M 0