SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    89607, 89606, 89605, 89604, 89603, 89602, 
    89601, 89600, 90393, 90163, 90070, 
    90069, 90068, 89588, 89587, 89535, 
    89534, 90287, 89533, 90328, 90327, 
    89543, 89530, 89529, 89528, 89517, 
    89487, 89486, 90303, 90302, 90301, 
    90300, 90299, 90298, 90297, 90296, 
    90295, 90294, 90293, 90292
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00081

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 48 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
89486 22M 0
89487 22M 0
89517 33,22M 0
89528 22M 0
89529 32,22M 0
89530 32,22M 0
89533 22M 0
89534 22M 0
89535 22M 0
89543 33,22M 0
89587 22M 0
89588 22M 0
89600 22M 0
89601 22M 0
89602 22M 0
89603 22M 0
89604 22M 0
89605 22M 0
89606 22M 0
89607 22M 0
90068 33,22M 0
90069 33,22M 0
90070 33,22M 0
90163 22M 0
90287 22M 0
90292 22M 0
90293 22M 0
90294 22M 0
90295 22M 0
90296 22M 0
90297 22M 0
90298 22M 0
90299 22M 0
90300 22M 0
90301 22M 0
90302 22M 0
90303 22M 0
90327 22M 0
90328 22M 0
90393 33,22M 0