SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    100759, 100758, 100757, 100756, 100755, 
    100727, 100648, 100647, 100645, 99651, 
    98893, 92945, 100368, 100629, 100176, 
    100627, 100625, 100624, 100623, 100596
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00062

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 21 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
92945 6M 0
98893 6M 0
99651 6M 0
100176 6M 0
100368 6M 0
100596 6,4M 0
100623 6M 0
100624 6M 0
100625 6M 0
100627 6M 0
100629 6M 0
100645 6M 0
100647 6M 0
100648 6M 0
100727 6M 0
100755 6M 0
100756 6M 0
100757 6M 0
100758 6M 0
100759 6M 0