SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    73214, 73213, 73212, 73211, 73210, 73209, 
    73208, 73207, 73206, 73205, 73204, 
    73203, 73202, 73201, 73200, 73199, 
    73198, 73197, 73196, 73195, 73623, 
    73622, 73621, 73620, 73619, 73618, 
    73617, 73616, 73615, 73614, 73613, 
    73612, 73509, 73285, 73241, 73408, 
    73402, 73401, 73337, 73336
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00082

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
73195 6M 0
73196 6M 0
73197 6M 0
73198 6M 0
73199 6M 0
73200 6M 0
73201 6M 0
73202 6M 0
73203 6M 0
73204 6M 0
73205 6M 0
73206 6M 0
73207 6M 0
73208 6M 0
73209 6M 0
73210 6M 0
73211 6M 0
73212 6M 0
73213 6M 0
73214 6M 0
73241 6M 0
73285 6M 0
73336 6M 0
73337 6M 0
73401 6M 0
73402 6M 0
73408 6M 0
73509 6M 0
73612 6M 0
73613 6M 0
73614 6M 0
73615 6M 0
73616 6M 0
73617 6M 0
73618 6M 0
73619 6M 0
73620 6M 0
73621 6M 0
73622 6M 0
73623 6M 0