SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 29 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    21831, 18743, 12099, 12259, 12174, 12166, 
    12241, 11885, 11739, 11625, 11646, 
    11460, 11463, 10820, 10693, 10690, 
    10646, 10639, 10573, 10568
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00059

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
10568 29,4M 0
10573 29,4M 0
10639 29,4M 0
10646 29,4M 0
10690 29,4M 0
10693 29,4M 0
10820 29,4M 0
11460 29,4M 0
11463 29,4M 0
11625 4,29M 0
11646 29,4M 0
11739 29,4M 0
11885 29,4M 0
12099 29,4M 0
12166 29,4M 0
12174 29,4M 0
12241 29,4M 0
12259 29,4M 0
18743 29,4M 0
21831 29,4M 0