SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 1 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    76145, 76144, 76143, 76142, 76141, 76140, 
    76139, 76138, 76137, 76136, 76135, 
    76134, 76133, 76132, 76095, 77060, 
    76155, 76523, 76522, 76489
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00055

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 21 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
76095 28,1M 0
76132 1M 0
76133 1M 0
76134 1M 0
76135 1M 0
76136 1M 0
76137 1M 0
76138 1M 0
76139 1M 0
76140 1M 0
76141 1M 0
76142 1M 0
76143 1M 0
76144 1M 0
76145 1M 0
76155 1M 0
76489 1M 0
76522 1M 0
76523 1M 0
77060 1M 0