SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 29 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    4643, 4641, 4371, 6277, 6210, 6313, 6283, 
    6284, 6205, 6204, 6203, 4973, 6206, 
    4956, 34983, 5183, 5511, 5657, 5368, 
    5364
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00060

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 37 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
4371 29,3M 0
4641 29,4M 0
4643 29,4M 0
4956 29,4M 0
4973 29M 0
5183 29,4M 0
5364 29,4M 0
5368 29M 0
5511 29,4M 0
5657 29M 0
6203 29,4M 0
6204 29,4M 0
6205 29,4M 0
6206 29,4M 0
6210 29,4M 0
6277 29,4M 0
6283 29,4M 0
6284 29,4M 0
6313 29,4M 0
34983 29,4M 0