SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 1 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    84384, 84362, 84686, 84650, 84666, 84450, 
    84224, 84570, 84398, 84462, 84460, 
    84459, 84486, 84427, 84426, 84425, 
    84424, 84423, 84422, 84421
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00058

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 22 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
84224 28,1M 0
84362 1M 0
84384 28,1M 0
84398 1M 0
84421 1M 0
84422 1M 0
84423 1M 0
84424 1M 0
84425 1M 0
84426 1M 0
84427 1M 0
84450 1M 0
84459 1M 0
84460 1M 0
84462 1M 0
84486 1M 0
84570 1M 0
84650 1M 0
84666 1M 0
84686 1M 0