SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    99969, 99955, 99968, 99967, 99952, 99948, 
    99923, 99922, 99917, 99915, 99914, 
    99913, 99906, 99867, 99791, 99788, 
    99694, 99678, 99519, 99435
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00062

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 20 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
99435 6M 0
99519 6M 0
99678 6M 0
99694 6M 0
99788 6M 0
99791 6M 0
99867 6M 0
99906 6M 0
99913 6M 0
99914 6M 0
99915 6M 0
99917 6M 0
99922 6M 0
99923 6M 0
99948 6M 0
99952 6M 0
99955 6M 0
99967 6M 0
99968 6M 0
99969 6M 0