SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    74539, 74537, 74536, 74535, 74534, 74533, 
    74532, 74531, 74530, 74529, 74528, 
    74527, 74526, 74525, 74524, 74523, 
    74522, 74521, 74520, 74519, 74518, 
    74497, 74462, 74461, 74423, 73854, 
    73847, 73826, 73625, 73600, 73910, 
    73823, 74413, 74412, 74411, 74410, 
    74409, 74408, 74407, 74406
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00064

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
73600 6M 0
73625 6M 0
73823 6M 0
73826 6M 0
73847 6M 0
73854 6M 0
73910 6M 0
74406 6M 0
74407 6M 0
74408 6M 0
74409 6M 0
74410 6M 0
74411 6M 0
74412 6M 0
74413 6M 0
74423 6M 0
74461 6M 0
74462 6M 0
74497 6M 0
74518 6M 0
74519 6M 0
74520 6M 0
74521 6M 0
74522 6M 0
74523 6M 0
74524 6M 0
74525 6M 0
74526 6M 0
74527 6M 0
74528 6M 0
74529 6M 0
74530 6M 0
74531 6M 0
74532 6M 0
74533 6M 0
74534 6M 0
74535 6M 0
74536 6M 0
74537 6M 0
74539 6M 0