SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    74072, 74071, 74056, 73996, 73977, 73815, 
    73673, 73599, 73598, 73821, 73994, 
    73976, 73740, 73734, 73880, 73819, 
    73484, 73483, 73820, 73874, 73626, 
    73873, 73872, 73871, 73870, 73869, 
    73868, 73867, 73866, 73865, 73864, 
    73863, 73862, 73861, 73860, 73859, 
    73858, 73857, 73856, 73855
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00065

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
73483 6M 0
73484 6M 0
73598 6M 0
73599 6M 0
73626 6M 0
73673 6M 0
73734 6M 0
73740 6M 0
73815 6M 0
73819 6M 0
73820 6M 0
73821 6M 0
73855 6M 0
73856 6M 0
73857 6M 0
73858 6M 0
73859 6M 0
73860 6M 0
73861 6M 0
73862 6M 0
73863 6M 0
73864 6M 0
73865 6M 0
73866 6M 0
73867 6M 0
73868 6M 0
73869 6M 0
73870 6M 0
73871 6M 0
73872 6M 0
73873 6M 0
73874 6M 0
73880 6M 0
73976 6M 0
73977 6M 0
73994 6M 0
73996 6M 0
74056 6M 0
74071 6M 0
74072 6M 0