SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 1 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    81348, 80939, 81337, 80763, 80723, 80893, 
    80892, 81025, 81024, 80749, 80826, 
    80825, 80824, 80823, 80822, 80821, 
    80820, 80819, 80818, 80817
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00060

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 20 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
80723 1M 0
80749 1M 0
80763 1M 0
80817 1M 0
80818 1M 0
80819 1M 0
80820 1M 0
80821 1M 0
80822 1M 0
80823 1M 0
80824 1M 0
80825 1M 0
80826 1M 0
80892 1M 0
80893 1M 0
80939 1M 0
81024 1M 0
81025 1M 0
81337 1M 0
81348 1M 0