SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 1 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    81101, 81100, 81099, 81098, 81053, 81494, 
    81072, 81042, 81039, 81038, 81037, 
    81034, 81019, 81493, 81492, 81062, 
    81060, 80976, 80965, 80880
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00051

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 22 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
80880 1M 0
80965 1M 0
80976 1M 0
81019 28,1M 0
81034 1M 0
81037 1M 0
81038 1M 0
81039 1M 0
81042 1M 0
81053 28,1M 0
81060 1M 0
81062 1M 0
81072 1M 0
81098 1M 0
81099 1M 0
81100 1M 0
81101 1M 0
81492 1M 0
81493 1M 0
81494 1M 0