SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    112148, 111842, 111841, 111840, 111839, 
    112382, 111756, 111755, 111754, 111753, 
    111751, 111750, 111749, 111748, 111747, 
    111746, 111745, 111744, 111743, 111742
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00054

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 25 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
111742 22M 0
111743 22M 0
111744 22M 0
111745 22M 0
111746 22M 0
111747 22M 0
111748 22M 0
111749 22M 0
111750 22M 0
111751 22M 0
111753 22M 0
111754 22M 0
111755 22M 0
111756 22M 0
111839 33,22M 0
111840 33,22M 0
111841 33,22M 0
111842 33,22M 0
112148 33,22M 0
112382 22M 0