SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    88461, 88412, 88396, 89357, 89198, 88514, 
    88484, 88483, 88482, 88463, 88462, 
    89197, 89196, 89013, 89012, 89011, 
    88992, 88991, 88990, 88989, 88988, 
    88987, 88986, 88985, 88984, 88983, 
    88982, 88952, 88951, 88950, 88949, 
    88948, 88947, 88946, 88841, 88840, 
    88831, 88830, 88829, 88828
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00060

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 47 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
88396 22M 0
88412 22M 0
88461 22M 0
88462 22M 0
88463 22M 0
88482 22M 0
88483 22M 0
88484 22M 0
88514 22M 0
88828 22M 0
88829 22M 0
88830 22M 0
88831 22M 0
88840 22M 0
88841 22M 0
88946 33,22M 0
88947 33,22M 0
88948 33,22M 0
88949 33,22M 0
88950 22M 0
88951 22M 0
88952 22M 0
88982 22M 0
88983 22M 0
88984 22M 0
88985 22M 0
88986 22M 0
88987 22M 0
88988 22M 0
88989 22M 0
88990 22M 0
88991 22M 0
88992 22M 0
89011 33,22M 0
89012 33,22M 0
89013 33,22M 0
89196 22M 0
89197 22M 0
89198 22M 0
89357 22M 0