SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    94742, 94741, 94740, 94739, 94738, 94737, 
    94736, 94735, 94734, 94733, 94732, 
    94731, 94730, 94729, 94728, 94727, 
    95619, 95618, 95617, 95616, 95615, 
    95614, 95613, 95612, 95611, 95610, 
    95609, 95608, 95607, 95606, 95605, 
    95604, 95603, 95602, 95601, 95600, 
    95599, 95598, 95597, 95596
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00062

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
94727 22M 0
94728 22M 0
94729 22M 0
94730 22M 0
94731 22M 0
94732 22M 0
94733 22M 0
94734 22M 0
94735 22M 0
94736 22M 0
94737 22M 0
94738 22M 0
94739 22M 0
94740 22M 0
94741 22M 0
94742 22M 0
95596 22M 0
95597 22M 0
95598 22M 0
95599 22M 0
95600 22M 0
95601 22M 0
95602 22M 0
95603 22M 0
95604 22M 0
95605 22M 0
95606 22M 0
95607 22M 0
95608 22M 0
95609 22M 0
95610 22M 0
95611 22M 0
95612 22M 0
95613 22M 0
95614 22M 0
95615 22M 0
95616 22M 0
95617 22M 0
95618 22M 0
95619 22M 0