SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    88722, 88721, 88720, 88719, 88718, 88717, 
    88716, 88715, 88714, 88713, 88712, 
    88711, 88710, 88709, 88708, 88707, 
    88706, 89080, 89079, 89078, 88676, 
    88675, 88674, 88920, 88919, 88493, 
    89075, 88916, 88491, 89082, 89030, 
    89029, 89028, 88996, 88995, 88994, 
    88993, 88981, 88520, 88495
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00057

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 48 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
88491 22M 0
88493 22M 0
88495 22M 0
88520 22M 0
88674 22M 0
88675 22M 0
88676 22M 0
88706 22M 0
88707 22M 0
88708 22M 0
88709 22M 0
88710 22M 0
88711 22M 0
88712 22M 0
88713 22M 0
88714 22M 0
88715 22M 0
88716 22M 0
88717 22M 0
88718 22M 0
88719 32,22M 0
88720 22M 0
88721 32,22M 0
88722 22M 0
88916 22M 0
88919 22M 0
88920 22M 0
88981 22M 0
88993 22M 0
88994 22M 0
88995 22M 0
88996 22M 0
89028 33,22M 0
89029 33,22M 0
89030 33,22M 0
89075 22M 0
89078 33,22M 0
89079 33,22M 0
89080 33,22M 0
89082 22M 0