SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    111882, 111881, 111880, 111878, 112552, 
    111863, 111845, 114692, 114691, 114690, 
    114689, 112371, 112370, 112369, 112017, 
    112010, 111861, 111860, 111859, 111858
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00064

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 22 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
111845 22M 0
111858 32,22M 0
111859 22M 0
111860 22M 0
111861 32,22M 0
111863 22M 0
111878 22M 0
111880 22M 0
111881 22M 0
111882 22M 0
112010 22M 0
112017 22M 0
112369 22M 0
112370 22M 0
112371 22M 0
112552 22M 0
114689 22M 0
114690 22M 0
114691 22M 0
114692 22M 0