SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 29 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    6243, 6290, 4074, 6274, 6222, 6219, 3254, 
    4100, 4097, 6209, 6245, 6285, 6258, 
    6329, 6270, 6269, 6268, 6267, 6266, 
    6265
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00063

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 40 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
3254 29,4M 0
4074 29,4M 0
4097 29,4M 0
4100 29,4M 0
6209 29,4M 0
6219 29,4M 0
6222 29,4M 0
6243 29,4M 0
6245 29,4M 0
6258 29,4M 0
6265 29,4M 0
6266 29,4M 0
6267 29,4M 0
6268 29,4M 0
6269 29,4M 0
6270 29,4M 0
6274 29,4M 0
6285 29,4M 0
6290 29,4M 0
6329 29,4M 0