SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    104382, 104381, 104380, 104379, 102165, 
    102164, 102163, 102162, 102161, 102160, 
    102159, 102158, 102157, 102156, 102155, 
    102154, 102150, 104598, 102142, 102141
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00074

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 26 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
102141 22M 0
102142 33,22M 0
102150 32,22M 0
102154 22M 0
102155 22M 0
102156 22M 0
102157 22M 0
102158 22M 0
102159 22M 0
102160 22M 0
102161 22M 0
102162 22M 0
102163 22M 0
102164 22M 0
102165 22M 0
104379 33,22M 0
104380 33,22M 0
104381 33,22M 0
104382 33,22M 0
104598 22M 0