SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    112520, 112519, 112518, 112517, 112516, 
    112515, 112514, 112513, 112512, 112511, 
    112510, 112509, 112508, 112507, 112506, 
    112505, 112504, 111885, 111884, 111883
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00061

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 20 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
111883 22M 0
111884 22M 0
111885 22M 0
112504 22M 0
112505 22M 0
112506 22M 0
112507 22M 0
112508 22M 0
112509 22M 0
112510 22M 0
112511 22M 0
112512 22M 0
112513 22M 0
112514 22M 0
112515 22M 0
112516 22M 0
112517 22M 0
112518 22M 0
112519 22M 0
112520 22M 0