SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 6 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    91827, 91796, 91825, 91824, 91823, 91808, 
    91807, 91806, 91805, 91804, 91803, 
    91639, 91600, 91537, 91535, 91425, 
    91025, 90894, 90888, 90881
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00046

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 21 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
90881 6M 0
90888 29,6M 0
90894 6M 0
91025 6M 0
91425 6M 0
91535 6M 0
91537 6M 0
91600 6M 0
91639 6M 0
91796 6M 0
91803 6M 0
91804 6M 0
91805 6M 0
91806 6M 0
91807 6M 0
91808 6M 0
91823 6M 0
91824 6M 0
91825 6M 0
91827 6M 0