SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    122285, 122284, 122283, 122282, 109540, 
    109539, 109538, 109537, 109536, 109535, 
    109534, 109533, 109532, 109531, 109530, 
    109529, 109528, 109270, 109808, 109735
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00082

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 22 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
109270 22M 0
109528 22M 0
109529 22M 0
109530 22M 0
109531 22M 0
109532 22M 0
109533 22M 0
109534 22M 0
109535 22M 0
109536 22M 0
109537 22M 0
109538 22M 0
109539 22M 0
109540 22M 0
109735 33,22M 0
109808 33,22M 0
122282 22M 0
122283 22M 0
122284 22M 0
122285 22M 0