SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 22 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    84954, 84953, 84952, 84950, 84948, 84906, 
    84905, 84904, 84903, 84902, 84901, 
    84900, 84899, 84898, 84897, 84896, 
    84895, 84628, 84627, 84600, 84599, 
    84597, 84943, 84942, 84919, 84918, 
    84917, 84916, 84915, 84639, 84549, 
    84977, 84811, 84810, 84809, 84808, 
    84807, 84806, 84805, 84804
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00102

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 42 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
84549 22M 0
84597 22M 0
84599 22M 0
84600 22M 0
84627 22M 0
84628 22M 0
84639 22M 0
84804 22M 0
84805 22M 0
84806 22M 0
84807 22M 0
84808 22M 0
84809 22M 0
84810 22M 0
84811 22M 0
84895 22M 0
84896 22M 0
84897 22M 0
84898 22M 0
84899 22M 0
84900 22M 0
84901 22M 0
84902 22M 0
84903 22M 0
84904 22M 0
84905 22M 0
84906 22M 0
84915 22M 0
84916 22M 0
84917 22M 0
84918 22M 0
84919 22M 0
84942 33,22M 0
84943 33,22M 0
84948 22M 0
84950 22M 0
84952 22M 0
84953 22M 0
84954 22M 0
84977 22M 0