SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 4 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    91344, 91340, 91339, 91338, 91337, 91336, 
    91335, 91334, 91333, 91329, 91961, 
    91761, 91760, 91759, 91758, 91265, 
    102383, 102382, 102381, 102380
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00058

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt pt 3 21 Using where; Using index
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id PRIMARY 3 toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt PRIMARY 6 const,toolboxdigitalshop_dev.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1

Result

product_id category_ids position
91265 29,4M 0
91329 4M 0
91333 4M 0
91334 4M 0
91335 4M 0
91336 4M 0
91337 4M 0
91338 4M 0
91339 4M 0
91340 4M 0
91344 4M 0
91758 4M 0
91759 4M 0
91760 4M 0
91761 4M 0
91961 4M 0
102380 4M 0
102381 4M 0
102382 4M 0
102383 4M 0